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Section 44. Enforcement by the Secretary of Justice. — x x x
b) Potential Violations — If the Secretary of Justice has reasonable cause to believe that —
1) any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination under this Act; or 2) any person or group of persons has been discriminated against under this Act and such discrimination raises an issue of general public importance, the Secretary of Justice may commence a legal action in any appropriate court.x x x x
Section 46. Penal Clause. — (a) Any person who violates any provision of this Act shall suffer the following penalties: x x x x
(b) Any person who abuses the privileges granted herein shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than six months or a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos ([P]5,000.00), but not more than Fifty thousand pesos ([P]50,000.00), or both, at the discretion of the court.
x x x x[44] Entitled "AN ACT TO INSTITUTE THE POLICIES OF OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT AND ESTABLISH A HIGHER STANDARD OF PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF THE WELFARE OF MIGRANT WORKERS, THEIR FAMILIES AND OVERSEAS FILIPINOS IN DISTRESS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," approved on June 7, 1995.
[45] Entitled "AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT No. 8042, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE MIGRANT WORKERS AND OVERSEAS FILIPINOS ACT OF 1995, AS AMENDED, FURTHER IMPROVING THE STANDARD OF PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF THE WELFARE OF MIGRANT WORKERS, THEIR FAMILIES AND OVERSEAS FILIPINOS IN DISTRESS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," approved on March 8, 2010.
[46] See Section 6 of RA No. 8042, as amended by Section 5 of RA No. 10022.
[47] Approved on June 18, 1966.
[48] See Section 32 of RA No. 4670, which provides:
Section 32. Penal Provision. — A person who shall wilfully interfere with, restrain or coerce any teacher in the exercise of his rights guaranteed by this Act or who shall in any other manner commit any act to defeat any of the provisions of this Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred pesos nor more than one thousand pesos, or by imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.
x x x x[49] Entitled "AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SOCIAL WORKERS," approved on April 11, 2007.
[50] See Sections 20 and 24 of RA No. 9433.
[51] Approved on March 26, 1992.
[52] See Sections 32 and 39 of RA No. 7305.
[53] See United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 13 (2011).
[54] Unicef, Gender Dimensions of Violence Against Children and Adolescents, available at (last visited July 12, 2022).
[55] Unicef, Children from all walks of life endure violence, and millions more are at risk, available at (last visited July 12, 2022).
[56] World Health Organization, Violence Against Children, available at (last visited July 12, 2022).
[57] See Article 10 of the Civil Code.
b) Potential Violations — If the Secretary of Justice has reasonable cause to believe that —
1) any person or group of persons is engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination under this Act; or 2) any person or group of persons has been discriminated against under this Act and such discrimination raises an issue of general public importance, the Secretary of Justice may commence a legal action in any appropriate court.x x x x
Section 46. Penal Clause. — (a) Any person who violates any provision of this Act shall suffer the following penalties: x x x x
(b) Any person who abuses the privileges granted herein shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than six months or a fine of not less than Five thousand pesos ([P]5,000.00), but not more than Fifty thousand pesos ([P]50,000.00), or both, at the discretion of the court.
x x x x[44] Entitled "AN ACT TO INSTITUTE THE POLICIES OF OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT AND ESTABLISH A HIGHER STANDARD OF PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF THE WELFARE OF MIGRANT WORKERS, THEIR FAMILIES AND OVERSEAS FILIPINOS IN DISTRESS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," approved on June 7, 1995.
[45] Entitled "AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT No. 8042, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE MIGRANT WORKERS AND OVERSEAS FILIPINOS ACT OF 1995, AS AMENDED, FURTHER IMPROVING THE STANDARD OF PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF THE WELFARE OF MIGRANT WORKERS, THEIR FAMILIES AND OVERSEAS FILIPINOS IN DISTRESS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES," approved on March 8, 2010.
[46] See Section 6 of RA No. 8042, as amended by Section 5 of RA No. 10022.
[47] Approved on June 18, 1966.
[48] See Section 32 of RA No. 4670, which provides:
Section 32. Penal Provision. — A person who shall wilfully interfere with, restrain or coerce any teacher in the exercise of his rights guaranteed by this Act or who shall in any other manner commit any act to defeat any of the provisions of this Act shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred pesos nor more than one thousand pesos, or by imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.
x x x x[49] Entitled "AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC SOCIAL WORKERS," approved on April 11, 2007.
[50] See Sections 20 and 24 of RA No. 9433.
[51] Approved on March 26, 1992.
[52] See Sections 32 and 39 of RA No. 7305.
[53] See United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 13 (2011).
[54] Unicef, Gender Dimensions of Violence Against Children and Adolescents, available at (last visited July 12, 2022).
[55] Unicef, Children from all walks of life endure violence, and millions more are at risk, available at (last visited July 12, 2022).
[56] World Health Organization, Violence Against Children, available at (last visited July 12, 2022).
[57] See Article 10 of the Civil Code.
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